May 13-26, 1981
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council meeting in Nairobi, Kenya calls for negotiation of a convention for protection of the ozone layer.
January 20-29, 1982
The UNEP meeting in Stockholm, Sweden convenes the Ad Hoc Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
December 10-17, 1982
The second session of the Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the elaboration of a Global Framework Convention of the Ozone Layer meets in Geneva, Switzerland.
April 5-8, 1983
The U.N. Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer meets in Geneva.
April 11-15, 1983
The Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical experts resumes its second session in Geneva.
April 17-21, 1983
The Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical experts begins its third session in Geneva.
January 16-20, 1984
The Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical experts resumes its third session in Vienna, Austria.
October 22-26, 1984
The Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical experts begins its fourth session in Vienna.
January 21-25, 1985
The Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical experts resumes its fourth session in Geneva.
March 18-22, 1985
The Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection of the Ozone Layer meets in Vienna, where it considers the final report of the Ad Hoc Group of Legal and Technical Experts on a framework convention to protect the ozone layer.
March 21, 1985
Secretary of State George Shultz signs letter granting full power to diplomats representing the U.S in the ozone treaty negotiations to sign the Vienna Convention.
March 1985
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer adopted.
September 17-18, 1985
The Steering Committee for the Workshop on the Control of Chlorofluorocarbons holds its first meeting in London, England.
May 25-30, 1986
The Workshop on the Control of Chlorofluorocarbons holds its first session in Rome, Italy.
July 24, 1986
The U.S. Senate consents to ratification of the Vienna Convention. The convention is sent to President Reagan for his signature on August 6.
September 8-12, 1986
The Workshop on the Control of Chlorofluorocarbons holds its second session in Leesburg, Virginia.
November 1986
U.S. Circular 175 establishing the U.S. negotiating position on the Montreal Protocol is approved.
December 1-5, 1986
The Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of a Protocol on Chlorofluorocarbons to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, also known as the Vienna Group, holds its first session in Geneva, launching the negotiations for an ozone protocol.
January-May 1987
U.S. Senate and House hold hearings on ozone negotiations.
February 23-27, 1987
The Vienna Group holds its second round of negotiations on an ozone protocol in Vienna.
February-June 1987
President Reagan's Domestic Policy Council reviews U.S. position on ozone negotiations.
April 27-30, 1987
The Vienna Group holds its third round of ozone negotiations in Geneva.
June 8-10, 1987
The G-7 economic summit held in Venice, Italy, issues a declaration that ranks ozone depletion first among global environmental issues.
June 25, 1987
President Ronald Reagan gives formal approval to the U.S. position in the ozone negotiations.
September 16, 1987
The final round of ozone negotiations takes place in Montreal; the Montreal Protocol is adopted.
December 21, 1987
President Reagan sends the Montreal Protocol to the Senate for ratification.
March 14, 1988
U.S. Senate ratifies the Montreal Protocol.
September 1988
The Vienna Convention enters into force.
November 9-11,1988
The U.S. joins other governments in the first meeting of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), created under the auspices of the U.N. World Meteorological Organization and the U.N. Environment Programme to conduct periodic assessments of climate change research to support decision-making by governments. The regular meetings of this body and its reports are noted below.
January 1, 1989
The Montreal Protocol enters into force.
April 26-28, 1989
First Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol is held in Helsinki, Finland. The meeting decides that the Vienna Convention is the best forum for coordinating policies and research on ozone-depleting substances, and the Montreal Protocol will focus on harmonizing policies, strategies, and steps to reduce the release of substances that damage the ozone layer.
May 2-5, 1989
First Meeting of the Parties (MOP-1) to the Montreal Protocol is held in Helsinki, where it is agreed "to phase out the production and the consumption of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) controlled by the Montreal Protocol as soon as possible but not later than the year 2000."
June 28-30, 1989
The IPCC holds its second session in Nairobi.
August 21-25, 1989
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its first meeting in Nairobi to develop financial and other mechanisms to enable developing countries to meet the requirements of the Montreal Protocol. This body will continue to work on issues surrounding implementation and updating of the protocol, with meetings as noted below.
August 28-September 5, 1989
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol resumes its first meeting in Nairobi.
September 18-22, 1989
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol resumes its first meeting in Geneva.
November 13-17, 1989
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol begins its second meeting in Geneva.
February 5-7, 1990
The IPCC holds its third session in Washington, D.C.
February 28-March 5, 1990
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol resumes its second meeting in Geneva.
March-October 1990
First Assessment Report (FAR) of the IPCC completed. The Synthesis Report (March 1990) summarizes the findings of the three Working Group reports: Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (June 1990); Impacts Assessment of Climate Change (July 1990); and IPCC Response Strategies (October 1990). These reports play a key role in negotiation of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change and in the ensuing Conference of the Parties (COP) negotiations on a climate change treaty.
March 8-14, 1990
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol begins its third meeting in Geneva.
May 9-11, 1990
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol resumes its third meeting in Geneva.
June 20-29, 1990
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its fourth meeting in London.
June 27-29,1990
Second Meeting of the Parties (MOP-2) to the Montreal Protocol is held in London. At this meeting, the parties agreed to the London Amendment calling for the developed nations to totally phase out CFCs and halons by 2000, and established an Interim Multilateral Fund to assist developing countries to comply with the protocol's requirements to reduce the levels of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere by 2010.
August 27-30, 1990
The IPCC holds its fourth session in Sundsvall, Sweden.
December 3-5, 1990
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its fifth meeting in Nairobi.
February 4-14, 1991
The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) for a Framework Convention on Climate Change holds its first session in Chantilly, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. This body meets to develop the text of a climate change treaty over the next four years, as noted below.
March 13-15, 1991
The IPCC holds its fifth session in Geneva.
June 10-12, 1991
Preparatory Meeting for the Second Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention held in Nairobi.
June 19-21,1991
MOP-3 is held in Nairobi, where the agenda includes the participation of developing countries, review of the Montreal Protocol Handbook, the work of assessment panels on the technological and economic implications of phasing out use of ozone-depleting substances, and financial issues.
June 19-28, 1991
The INC holds its second session in Geneva.
September 9-20, 1991
The INC holds its third session in Nairobi.
October 29-31, 1991
The IPCC holds its sixth session in Geneva.
December 9-20, 1991
The INC holds its fourth session in Geneva.
February 10-12, 1992
The IPCC holds its seventh session in Geneva.
February 18-29, 1992
The INC holds the first part of its fifth session in New York.
April 6-15, 1992
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its sixth meeting in Geneva.
April 30-May 9,1992
The INC holds the second part of its fifth session in New York. On May 9, the INC produces the text of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC).
June 3-14, 1992
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, is held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is opened for signature on June 4 during the meeting. By June 12, 154 nations have signed the convention. The conference also produces the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, comprised of 27 principles to guide nations in future sustainable development.
July 8-17, 1992
The open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its seventh meeting in Geneva.
October 1, 1992
The United States ratifies the UNFCCC.
November 11-13, 1992
The IPCC holds its eighth meeting in Harare, Zimbabwe.
November 17-20, 1992
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its eighth meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark.
November 19-21, 1992
The Preparatory Meeting for the Fourth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol is held in Copenhagen.
November 23-25,1992
MOP-4 is held in Copenhagen, where it is agreed, under the Copenhagen Amendment, to add hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs), and methyl bromide to the phaseout schedules and to formally create the Multilateral Fund.
December 7-10, 1992
The INC holds the first part of its sixth session in Geneva.
January 1993
The Multilateral Fund in support of the Montreal Protocol is established on a permanent basis.
March 15-30, 1993
The INC holds its seventh session in New York.
June 29-30, 1993
The IPCC holds its ninth session in Geneva.
August 16-27, 1993
The INC holds its eighth session in Geneva.
August 30-September 1, 1993
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its ninth meeting in Geneva.
November 17-19, 1993
MOP-5 is held in Bangkok, Thailand. The agenda includes consideration of alternatives to ozone-depleting substances as well as organizational issues such as the work of financial mechanisms in support of the protocol and required data reporting by parties to the protocol.
November 22, 1993
The Preparatory Meeting for the Third Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is held in Bangkok.
November 23, 1993
The Third Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer takes place in Bangkok.
February 7-18, 1994
The INC holds its ninth session in Geneva.
March 1994
The U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change enters into force.
July 5-8, 1994
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 10th meeting in Nairobi.
August 22-September 2, 1994
The INC holds its 10th meeting in Geneva.
October 3-5, 1994
The Preparatory Meeting for the Sixth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol takes place in Nairobi.
October 6-7, 1994
MOP-6 is held in Nairobi. The agenda includes discussion of essential-use exemptions for controlled substances, work on developing a list of products that contain controlled substances, and the work of assessment panels on possible alternatives to these, including methyl bromide.
November 10-12, 1994
The IPCC holds its 10th session in Nairobi.
February through October 1995
The IPCC releases its Second Assessment Reports: The Science of Climate Change (February); Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses (July); Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change (July); and Synthesis Report (October).
February 6-17, 1995
The INC holds its 11th meeting in New York.
March 28-April 7, 1995
The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP-1) takes place in Berlin. The meeting reviews the adequacy of existing commitments by developed nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) to 1990 levels by 2000, and decides that new commitments are needed for the post-2000 period. This decision is embodied in the Berlin Mandate, and in the creation of the Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM) to draft "a protocol or another legal instrument" for adoption at COP-3 in December 1997 in Kyoto.
May 8-12, 1995
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 11th meeting in Nairobi.
August 21-25, 1995
The Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM) holds its first session in Geneva.
August 25-September 1, 1995
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 12th meeting in Geneva.
October 30-November 3, 1995
The AGBM holds its second session in Geneva.
December 5-7,1995
MOP-7 takes place in Vienna, where the parties agree on the need to reduce the use of methyl bromide, an odorless, colorless gas used to control a wide variety of pests in agriculture and shipping that also damages the ozone layer.
December 11-15, 1995
The IPCC holds its 11th session in Rome.
January 1996
Industrialized nations complete phaseout of CFCs.
March 5-8, 1996
The AGBM holds its third session in Geneva.
April 9, 1996
Secretary of State Warren Christopher delivers an address at Stanford University, "American Diplomacy and the Global Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century," launching the new U.S. environmental diplomacy initiative.
July 8-19, 1996
COP-2 is held in Geneva, where the parties endorse the findings in the IPCC Second Assessment Reports.
July 11-16, 1996
The AGBM holds its fourth session in Geneva.
August 26-29, 1996
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 13th meeting in Geneva.
September 11-13, 1996
The IPCC holds its 12th session in Mexico City, Mexico.
November 25-27, 1996
MOP-8 and the fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention is held in San José, Costa Rica.
December 9-12, 1996
The AGBM holds its fifth session in Geneva.
March 3-17, 1997
The AGBM holds its sixth session in Bonn.
June 3-6, 1997
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 15th meeting in Nairobi.
June 20-22, 1997
The G-8 economic summit is held in Denver, Colorado. A key goal of the U.S. is to include global climate change as one of the priority challenges requiring leadership from the governments attending.
July 25, 1997
The U.S. Senate passes the Byrd-Hagel Resolution expressing the view of Congress that the U.S. should not sign a climate agreement that does not include binding GHG emission cuts on developing nations, most notably India and China.
July 31-September 1, 1997
The AGBM holds its seventh session in Bonn.
September 9-15, 1997
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 16th meeting in Montreal.
September 15-17,1997
MOP-9 meets in Montreal, marking the 10th anniversary of the agreement. The meeting approves the Montreal Amendment to the protocol that includes the phaseout of HCFCs in developing countries, as well as the phaseout of methyl bromide in developed and developing countries in 2005 and 2015, respectively.
September 22 and 25-28, 1997
The IPCC holds its 13th session in the Maldives.
October 22-31, 1997
The AGBM holds its eighth session in Bonn.
November 30, 1997
The AGBM holds the second part of its eighth session in Kyoto, Japan.
December 1-11, 1997
COP-3 is held in Kyoto. On December 10, the parties agree to the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. The protocol lays out the GHG reduction commitments for the Annex I countries (the major industrialized nations, including the United States), as well as mechanisms to support meeting these goals, including emissions trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation. Most industrialized countries agree to legally binding reductions in GHG emissions ranging between 6 to 8 percent below 1990 levels between the years 2008–2012. Most notably, particularly with regard to U.S. domestic politics, the protocol does not include binding emissions cuts for developing nations.
July 7-9, 1998
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 17th meeting in Geneva.
October 1-3, 1998
The IPCC holds its 14th session in Vienna.
November 2-14, 1998
COP-4 meets in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where the parties adopt the Buenos Aires Plan of Action, which sets a deadline of 2000 to finalize the rules to implement the Kyoto Protocol. The U.S. continues working to secure developing country commitments to voluntary reductions in GHG emissions.
November 12, 1998
The U.S. signs the Kyoto Protocol.
November 18-20, 1998
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 18th meeting in Cairo, Egypt.
November 23-24, 1998
MOP-10 is held in Cairo, where governments agree to seek the means to discourage the production of new ozone-depleting substances, as identified by ongoing scientific research, and to cooperate with the UNFCCC and IPCC in light of the decision at COP-4 to note "the relationship between efforts to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and efforts to safeguard the global climate system, in particular with reference to HFCs and PFCs."
April 15-18, 1999
The IPCC holds its 15th session in San José.
June 15-18, 1999
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 19th meeting in Geneva.
October 25-November 5, 1999
COP-5 is held in Bonn, Germany where governments continue negotiations on implementing the Kyoto Protocol, including technology transfers and flexible mechanisms for meeting GHG emission-cut commitments.
November 29-December 3, 1999
MOP-11 and the 5th Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention is held in Beijing, China, adopting the Beijing Amendment calling on the parties to control the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons and issuing the Beijing Declaration on Renewed Commitment to the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
May 1-8, 2000
The IPCC holds its 16th session in Montreal.
July 11-13, 2000
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 20th meeting in Geneva.
November 13-25, 2000
COP-6 holds the first part of its sixth session at The Hague, Netherlands. Discussions fail to reach agreement on rules to implement the flexibility mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol. The parties agree to resume the negotiations at a "COP-6bis" in July 2001.
December 11-14, 2000
MOP-12 takes place in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A declaration issued by the meeting notes the progress made in eliminating or reducing the production of ozone-depleting substances, encourages international cooperation in technology transfer, and encourages the parties to integrate ozone layer protection into socio-economic development programs.
January-October 2001
the IPCC releases its Third Assessment Reports on climate change: The Scientific Basis (January); Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (May); Mitigation (July); and Synthesis Report (October).
March 28, 2001
EPA Administrator Christine Todd Whitman announces that the George W. Bush administration will not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, despite efforts by Whitman to persuade Bush to support an international climate change agreement.
April 4-6, 2001
The IPCC holds its 18th session in Wembley, U.K.
July 16-27, 2001
Meeting in Bonn, COP-6 resumes discussions on implementing the Kyoto Protocol, with the U.S. taking part only as an observer, following President Bush's decision not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Possibly because of this, the meeting surprisingly makes progress on a number of key issues, including flexible mechanisms, carbon sinks, compliance with emission targets, and financing of steps to curb these emissions.
July 24-26, 2001
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 21st meeting in Montreal, Canada.
October 16-19, 2001
MOP-13 is held in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Among the issues addressed are replenishment of the Multilateral Fund to support implementation of the Montreal Protocol and procedures for adding new ozone-depleting substances to the agreement for future action.
October 29-November 10, 2001
COP-7 is held in Marrakesh, Morocco. The parties (again with the U.S. as an observer) reach agreement on rules, embodied in the Marrakesh Accords, for meeting commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, including rules for international emissions trading and the consequences of failure to meet emissions targets, though the latter still are not legally binding.
April 17-20, 2002
The IPCC holds its 19th session in Geneva.
July 23-25, 2002
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 22nd meeting in Montreal.
October 23-November 1, 2002
COP-8, meeting in New Delhi, India, issues the Delhi Declaration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development, which includes calls on developed nations to transfer technology to developing countries and take other steps to mitigate the impact of climate change on these countries. The meeting also calls for a study into the relationship between efforts to protect the ozone layer and the global climate system.
November 25-29, 2002
MOP-14 and the Sixth Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention meets in Rome. Echoing the earlier decision at COP-8 (see above at October 23-November 1), the parties call on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Montreal Protocol's Technology and Economic Assessment Panel to work with the IPCC to prepare a balanced scientific, technical, and policy-relevant special report, as requested by the U.N. FCCC. This report would address the relationship between efforts to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and efforts to safeguard the global climate system.
February 19-21, 2003
The IPCC holds its 20th session in Paris.
July 7-11, 2003
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 23rd meeting in Montreal.
November 3 and 6-7, 2003
The IPCC holds its 21st session in Vienna.
November 10-14, 2003
MOP-15 meets in Nairobi, Kenya. The meeting is largely taken up by technical issues, including the status of efforts to reduce the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons, the use of methyl bromide, and cases of noncompliance with the Montreal Protocol.
December 1-12, 2003
COP-9 is held in Milan, Italy. The conference secures important advances, including agreements on credits for carbon absorption by forest sinks, the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), and the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF).
March 24-26, 2004
The first Extraordinary MOP is held in Montreal, Canada. The meeting focuses on developing the regime for controlling and reducing the use of methyl bromide.
July 13-16, 2004
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 24th meeting in Geneva.
November 9-11, 2004
The IPCC holds its 22nd meeting in New Delhi.
November 22-26, 2004
MOP-16 meets in Prague, Czech Republic. Much of the meeting continues to address the control and reduction of methyl bromide use, as well as possible noncompliance with the Montreal Protocol by parties to the agreement.
December 6-18, 2004
COP-10, meeting in Buenos Aires, approves the Buenos Aires Programme of Work on Adaptation and Response Measures to assist developing countries' adaptation to climate change. The meeting also begins discussion of the post-Kyoto period, including how to allocate emissions reduction obligations after the first commitment period ends in 2012.
February 16, 2005
The Kyoto Protocol enters into force.
April 6-8, 2005
The IPCC holds its 23rd meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
June 27-30, 2005
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 25th meeting in Montreal.
July 1, 2005
The second Extraordinary MOP meets in Montreal to draft critical-use exemptions for the use of methyl bromide.
November 26-28, 2005
The IPCC holds its 24th meeting in Montreal.
November 28-December 10, 2005
The 11th Conference of the Parties (COP 11), also meeting as the First Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP-1), convenes in Montreal. After the U.S. delegation walks out, as it was not a party to the Kyoto Protocol, the Meeting of the Parties agree on the Montreal Action Plan to "extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol beyond its 2012 expiration date and negotiate deeper cuts in greenhouse emissions."
December 12-16, 2005
MOP-17 and the Seventh Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention are held in Dakar, Senegal. Much of the meeting focuses on control issues with ozone-depleting substances and noncompliance cases.
April 26-28, 2006
The IPCC holds its 25th meeting in Port Louis, Mauritius.
July 3-6, 2006
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 26th meeting in Montreal.
October 30-November 3, 2006
MOP-18 is held in New Delhi, India, where the parties continue to address technical issues surrounding the control of ozone-depleting substances, including illegal trade and future cooperation between the Montreal Protocol and the IPCC, essential use exemptions and noncompliance.
November 6-17, 2006
COP-12/CMP-2 meets in Nairobi, where progress is made on support for developing countries, establishing funds to support adaptation to climate change, and a framework to develop clean mechanism capacity building.
April 30-May 4, 2007
The IPCC holds its 26th meeting in Bangkok.
May 2007
President George W. Bush launches the Major Economies Meetings (MEM) to develop a new post-2012 climate change framework involving the leading industrialized nations, as well as long-term goals, which would "complement" current U.N. negotiations.
June-September 2007
The IPCC releases its Fourth Assessment Reports (FAR): Mitigation of Climate Change (June); The Physical Science Basis (June); Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (July); and Synthesis Report (September).
June 4-7, 2007
The Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 27th meeting in Nairobi.
August 27-31, 2007
Parties to the Kyoto Protocol meet in Venice, Italy following the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol. Parties agree to consider reducing GHG emissions by 25-40 percent below 1990 levels for industrialized nations by 2020. This decision is made in the face of opposition from Russia, Japan, and Canada.
September 17-21, 2007
MOP-19 meets in Montreal, Canada. After dealing with technical issues regarding exemptions, non-compliance, and financing, the parties agree to the Montreal Protocol, reaffirming their commitment to phasing out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances, continued financial support for these activities, and ongoing scientific research in support of the protocol.
September 23, 2007
President Bush hosts the first Major Economies Meeting, where he pledges $2 billion over three years for the World Bank's Clean Technology Fund, with the goal of raising $10 billion from donors to help finance energy projects in developing countries.
October 12, 2007
The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Albert Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."
November 12-17, 2007
The IPCC holds its 27th meeting in Valencia, Spain.
December 3-15, 2007
COP-13/CMP-3 meets in Bali, Indonesia where the parties agree to the Bali Action Plan to guide negotiations on a follow-on agreement to the Kyoto Protocol, to be adopted at the Copenhagen climate change conference in 2009. The meeting also adopts the Bali Road Map, which lays out specific goals with respect to cutting emissions, climate change mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, and financial support for the above efforts.
April 9-10, 2008
The IPCC holds its 28th meeting in Budapest, Hungary.
July 7-11, 2008
Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 28th meeting in Bangkok.
August 31-September 4, 2008
The IPCC holds its 29th meeting in Geneva.
November 16-20, 2008
MOP-20 and the Eighth Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention meets in Doha, Qatar. In addition to the usual technical discussions, the parties agree to the Doha Declaration, which calls on the parties to begin efforts to destroy existing banks of ozone-depleting substances, drawing upon new studies of technological and economic feasibility, and to replenish the multilateral fund to support these activities in developing nations.
December 1-12, 2008
COP-14 meets in Poznan, Poland, where discussions focus on framing a successor to the Kyoto Protocol and developing a "shared vision for long-term cooperative action." The parties agree that a complete negotiating text should be ready by June 2009. There is also agreement on principles for the financing of the Adaptation Fund to help the poorest nations cope with the effects of climate change.
April 21-23, 2009
The IPCC holds its 30th meeting in Antalya, Turkey.
July 15-18, 2009
Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 29th meeting in Geneva.
October 26-29, 2009
The IPCC holds its 31st meeting in Bali, Indonesia.
November 4-8, 2009
MOP-21 meets in Port Ghalib, Egypt. The discussion focuses, inter alia, on acceptable exemptions for the use of controlled substances, primarily chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, halons, and methyl bromide, along with institutional issues.
December 7-19, 2009
The U.N. Climate Change Conference, including COP-15 and CMP-5, meets in Copenhagen, with several heads of state attending. The goal of finishing work on a new agreement to follow the Kyoto Protocol soon breaks down under insurmountable political differences. Instead, parties take note of the non-binding Copenhagen Accord, drafted by the U.S., China, India, South Africa, and Brazil, which reaffirms the Kyoto Protocol and the scientific results of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report regarding likely future increases in global warming. It further reaffirms the need for steps to mitigate and adapt to these climate shifts, to support these efforts with tools such as emissions trading and technology transfer, and to provide funding to developing countries to reduce their GHG emissions.
June 15-18, 2010
Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol holds its 30th meeting in Geneva.
October 11-14, 2010
The IPCC holds its 32nd meeting at Busan, South Korea.
November 8-12, 2010
MOP-22 meets in Bangkok, where the agenda includes permissible use exemptions for controlled substances, noncompliance issues, and financing issues.
November 29-December 10, 2010
COP-16/CMP-6 meets in Cancún, Mexico, with diminished expectations of securing final agreement on a new climate change treaty, after a series of working-level meetings fail to make significant progress. Instead, the parties reach an agreement that reiterates the urgent need to address projected global warming, as detailed in the IPCC reports, primarily through the reduction in GHG emissions, as well as through mitigation and adaptation. To support developing nations in taking these steps, the agreement also establishes a Green Climate Fund and Climate Technology Centre.
May 10-13, 2011
The IPCC holds its 33rd meeting in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
November 18-19, 2011
The IPCC holds its 34th meeting in Kampala, Uganda.
November 21-25, 2011
MOP-23 and the Ninth Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention meet in Bali, Indonesia. The parties, in addition to the usual agenda of technical and administrative concerns, issue the Bali Declaration, which, inter alia, calls on parties to conduct further studies on low global warming potential alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, which include the economic impact, technical feasibility, market availability, and impact on human health and safety; it also calls on the U.N. Ozone Secretariat to continue coordination with the UNFCCC to ensure mutually supportive implementation and the achievement of stated objectives.
November 28-December 11, 2011
COP-17/CMP-7 meets in Durban, South Africa, where negotiations continue on a new climate change treaty. An agreement is not reached on a treaty, but is instead reached on a "Durban Platform for Enhanced Action" that commits the parties, and for the first time including India and China, to adhere to a legally binding climate agreement, to be agreed upon in 2015 and become effective in 2020.
June 6-9, 2012
The IPCC holds its 35th meeting in Geneva.
November 12-16, 2012
MOP-24 meets in Geneva, Switzerland, with the usual agenda of technical and administrative issues.
November 26-December 8, 2012
COP-18/CMP-8 meets in Doha, Qatar, where the parties agree to extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol, set to expire at the end of the year, until 2020, and to negotiate a new treaty as called for by the Durban Platform adopted at the last COP. To guide future work, the COP adopts the Doha Climate Gateway, which lays out the extension of the Kyoto Protocol.
January 1, 2013
Start of the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, which ends in 2020.
June 24-28, 2013
The 33rd meeting of the Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol is held in Bangkok, Thailand.
September 26, 2013
The IPCC holds its 36th meeting in Stockholm, Sweden.
October 14-18, 2013
The IPCC holds its 37th meeting in Batumi, Georgia.
October 21-25, 2013
MOP-25 meets in Bangkok, Thailand, with the agenda including essential use exemptions, studies on alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, noncompliance cases, and organizational items.
November 11-23, 2013
COP-19/CMP-9 meets in Warsaw, Poland where the parties agree they should begin cutting emissions as soon as possible, preferably by 2015. The conference also proposes a Warsaw Mechanism to provide expertise and possible financial aid to developing countries in support of adaptation and mitigation of extreme climate change impact.
March 25-29, 2014
The IPCC holds its 38th meeting in Yokohama, Japan.
April 7-12, 2014
The IPCC holds its 39th meeting in Berlin, Germany.
September 23, 2014
The Climate Summit 2014, also known as the Leader's Climate Summit, is held in New York. Convened by U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, it brings together government leaders, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to discuss initiatives and actions, not negotiations, that would work to close the gap between emission-cut pledges and the reductions needed to limit the projected global temperature increase to 1.5 °C.
October 27-31, 2014
The IPCC holds its 40th meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark.
November 11, 2014
Joint U.S.-China climate change statement is released following a summit meeting between President Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping that commits the two countries to continued cooperation towards negotiation of a new climate change treaty. The statement outlines each nation's goals for the post-2020 period and ongoing consultations in several existing forums, including the U.S.-China Climate Change Working Group, the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center, and the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue.
November 17-21, 2014
MOP-26 and the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention meets in Paris, France. The agenda includes essential and critical-use exemptions for controlled substances, possible alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, replenishment of the Multilateral Fund, and non-compliance cases.
December 1-14, 2014
COP-20/CMP-10 meets in Lima, Peru, where negotiations continue on a post-Kyoto climate change treaty to be agreed to in 2015.
February 24-27, 2015
The IPCC holds its 41st meeting in Nairobi, Kenya.
July 20-24, 2015
The 36th Meeting of the Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol is held in Paris, France
September 25, 2015
Joint U.S.-China climate change statement is issued following summit between President Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping in Washington, D.C. The statement reaffirms their joint statement of the previous year committing the two countries to continued cooperation towards negotiation of a new climate change treaty, setting out common goals for the upcoming Paris climate change conference, steps each nation can take domestically to address climate change, and forums for bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
October 5-8, 2015
The IPCC holds its 42nd meeting in Dubrovnik, Croatia.
November 1-5, 2015
MOP-27 meets in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The agenda includes issues surrounding the control and phasing out of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, essential and critical use exemptions for controlled substances, and ongoing research into the scientific, technological, and economic implications of efforts to curtail and end the use of substances that harm the ozone layer.
November 30-December 13, 2015
COP-22/CMP-11 is held in Paris, where the participating governments negotiate the Paris Agreement on climate change. This agreement commits countries to the goal of keeping the rise in mean global temperature to below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels, and, if possible, to limit the increase to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). To this end, countries should reduce GHG emissions as soon as possible, with the goal of reaching net-zero by the middle of the 21st century. In an advance on the Kyoto Protocol, the agreement also calls on developing countries to submit plans for emission reductions.
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